![\"IbrahimBELABDI\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/IbrahimBELABDI.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
I. Belabdi, M. El Amine Bekara, A. Djebbar, M. Sebaihia, N. Ait Issad and N. Mimoune*<\/p>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/pdf.png\")
<\/a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46419\/vs.55.6.1<\/a><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a frequent disease in dairy goats that negatively impact milk quality and yield, leading to substantial economic losses. This cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of SCM and its associated risk factors among dairy goats in western Algeria. The study included 22 farms, and data on risk factors were collected using a questionnaire administered to the farmers. A total of 150 goats, with no clinical signs of mastitis, were randomly selected to determine the prevalence of SCM, using the California Mastitis Test. The Generalised Linear Mixed Model was used to identify the risk factors. The estimated prevalence of SCM was 20.7%. The results of the model indicated that the risk of SCM is significantly higher in does that had dirty udders, raised in unclean barns, were multiparous or in the late stage of lactation. Our findings emphasise the importance of appropriate herd management practices in reducing the prevalence of SCM in dairy goat herds.<\/p>\n Key words:<\/strong> Subclinical mastitis; Goat; Prevalence; Risk factors; Algeria<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n In recent years, goat farming in Algeria has been undergoing profound changes, gradually moving from family-type extensive farming to an intensive system to meet the growing demand for meat and milk (Saidi et al<\/em>., 2020). In 2020, the Algerian goat population was estimated at 5.2 million head, of which 2.8 million were does, contributing approximately 10% of the national milk production (FAO, 2020).<\/p>\n Mastitis, particularly subclinical mastitis (SCM), which is a discreet disease and without apparent clinical signs, is a major problem in dairy goat herds, and can have a negative impact on the health of goats and the economic performance of farms.<\/p>\n In fact, SCM is the most frequent cause of voluntary culling of animals (Bergonier et al<\/em>., 2003) and a decrease of around 30% in milk production (Leitner et al<\/em>., 2004).<\/p>\n The prevalence of SCM in goats has been well documented in several countries, and shown to vary widely: 11.2% in Ethiopia (Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010), 13% in Pakistan (Ali et al<\/em>., 2010), 19.9% in India (Mishra et al<\/em>., 2018), 22.03% in Brazil (Schmidt et al<\/em>., 2009), 22.7% in Italy (Marogna et al<\/em>., 2012), 27.3% in the USA (Mc-Dougall et al<\/em>., 2001), 38.75% in Bangladesh (Ferdous et al<\/em>., 2018) and 45.8% in China (Zhao et al<\/em>., 2015).<\/p>\n SCM in goats is influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors (Bergonier et al<\/em>., 2003). Intrinsic factors correspond to goat traits (breed, parity and milk yield) (Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010; Razi et al<\/em>., 2012); whereas extrinsic factors are related to herd management practices such as milking practices, farming system, previous history of mastitis and the frequency of litter removal (Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010; Schreiner and Ruegg, 2003).<\/p>\n In western Algeria, especially in the south-west, goat farming occupies an important place in the local economy, both in terms of the number of animals and milk production. However, data on the prevalence and epidemiology of caprine mastitis in this region are scarce. Since epidemiological studies are crucial for the implementation of appropriate preventive measures, we conducted this study to estimate the prevalence of SCM and to determine the associated risk factors in goat herds in western Algeria.<\/p>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n The present study was conducted in two provinces (Chlef and Beni Abb\u00e8s) in western Algeria (Fig. 1).<\/p>\n The province of Chlef is located in north-west (35\u00b009 N, 01\u00b020 E), covering an area of 4,791 km\u00b2, an average annual rainfall of 458 mm and a total population of 61,980 goats, including 29,855 does (DSA, 2021).<\/p>\n The province of Beni Abb\u00e8s is located in the Algerian Sahara (29\u00b030 N, 02\u00b045 W), covering an area of 101,350 km\u00b2, is characterised by a desert climate with a low average of annual rainfall (32 mm) and contains a total population of 77,853 goats, including 39,109 does (DSA, 2021).<\/p>\n This study was performed in line with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. This cross-sectional study was conducted between February and April 2022 in the Chlef and Beni-Abb\u00e8s provinces. where Pt<\/sub><\/em> is the theoretical prevalence of SCM in dairy goats, is the (1-\u03b1\/2) percentile of a standard normal distribution and e is the absolute precision. Therefore, the optimal sample size (n<\/em>) was 81 goats, which was calculated using a theoretical prevalence of 5.6%, as estimated by Gabli et al<\/em>., (2019) in goat farms in eastern Algeria, with 95% confidence level and 5% absolute precision. However, in order to consider the inter-herd variability of SCM prevalence, a total of 150 goats (Chlef: 62 goats; Beni Abb\u00e8s: 88 goats) showing no clinical signs of mastitis were randomly selected. These goats were from 22 farms (12 in Chlef and 10 in Beni Abb\u00e8s). The herd size of the selected farms ranged from 5 to 100 goats. Data on animal-level risk factors (age, parity, lactation stage, daily milk yield and udder hygiene state) and herd-level factors (herd size, herd management practices, barn hygiene state and previous history of mastitis in the herd) were collected from farmers using a pre-tested structured questionnaire.<\/p>\n Milk samples were collected aseptically from goats during the first milking. Statistical analysis was performed using R software (version 4.1.1, 2021). Descriptive analysis was conducted to analyse the data using absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical data. The association between risk factors, at both the animal and herd levels, and the prevalence of SCM was analysed using a Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), with the herd as a random effect. The best model selection was performed in multiple steps:<\/p>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n The results of the descriptive analysis are presented in Table 1.<\/p>\n We observed that 65.3% of goats were raised in a semi-intensive system and none of the herds had a milking parlour (result not shown in Table1). The goats were raised in barns which were traditionally built (76%), of good or medium hygiene state (86%) and which had straw bedding (64.7%). More than half of goats (57.3%) were from herds that have experienced mastitis in the past. We have also found that 70.7% of goats were raised with other ruminants (cattle or sheep) (Table 1).<\/p>\n The descriptive analysis of animal-level variables showed that 56.7% of does were multiparous, 14% were in their first two months of lactation, 68% had a daily milk yield less than or equal to 0.5 L\/day, and 94.7% of goats had a good or medium udder hygiene state (Table 1).<\/p>\n In this study, the prevalence of SCM in goats (positive CMT) was 20.7% (31\/150; 95% CI: 14.2% \u2212 27.2%). At the province level, this prevalence is 27.4% (95% CI: 16.3% \u2212 38.5%) in Chlef province and 15.9% (95% CI: 8.3% – 23.5%) in Beni-Abb\u00e8s province (Table 1).<\/p>\n The results of the univariate analysis showed that the variables barn hygiene state, mixed with other ruminants, parity and udder hygiene state are risk factors for SCM in dairy goats (P<\/em>-value < 0.05). In addition, this analysis allowed the identification of farming system, systematically hand washing before milking, presence of litter, lactation stage and province as confounding variables (P<\/em>-value < 0.25) (Table 1). The results of the final model are presented in Table 2.<\/p>\n Four variables were identified as risk factors for SCM in dairy goats: udder hygiene state, barn hygiene state, parity and lactation stage.<\/p>\n In fact, does with dirty udders had a higher risk of SCM compared to those with clean or less dirty udders (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.27 \u2013 3.32). Similarly, does raised in dirty barns were highly likely to have SCM (OR = 6.65; 95% CI: 1.17 \u2013 9.39).<\/p>\n Multiparous does had a significantly higher risk of SCM compared to primiparous goats (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06 \u2013 4.12). <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n This cross-sectional study estimated the prevalence and risk factors of SCM in goats in two provinces in western Algeria (Chlef and Beni-Abbes). This study is the first of its kind to document the prevalence of SCM in goats in this part of the country.<\/p>\n The prevalence of SCM, estimated by the CMT test, was 20.7% (95% CI: 14.2% \u2212 27.2%); which is in line with those reported in other countries, 18.64% in Bangladesh (Razi et al<\/em>., 2012), 22.03% in Brazil (Schmidt et al<\/em>., 2009), and 27.3% in the USA (McDougall et al<\/em>., 2001). However, our prevalence was higher compared to that estimated by Gabli et al<\/em>., (2019) in goat farms in eastern Algeria (5.64%). This heterogeneity between the two studies could be attributed to differences in herd management practices and the subjectivity of the CMT test (Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010).<\/p>\n The multivariate analysis showed that four factors, i.e.<\/em>, udder hygiene state, barn hygiene state, parity and lactation stage, had a significant impact on the prevalence of SCM in goats.<\/p>\n We observed that udders which were excessively dirty constituted a risk factor for SCM (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.27-3.32). Similarly, the results of the model showed that does raised in dirty barns are at a higher risk of SCM compared to those raised in well-maintained barns (OR = 6.65; 95% CI: 1.17-9.39). This result is in line with that of Mahlangu et al<\/em>. (2018), who reported a significantly higher prevalence of SCM in farms cleaned once every two weeks compared to those cleaned more frequently (OR = 1.05, P<\/em>-value=0.02).<\/p>\n It is well established that poor hygiene conditions of udders and\/or barns represent the main sources of infection by pathogens responsible for environmental mastitis (Schreiner and Ruegg, 2003; Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010; Mahlangu et al<\/em>., 2018).<\/p>\n Concerning the individual animal-associated risk factors, our results indicated that multiparous does had a significantly higher risk of SCM compared to primiparous does (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06 \u2013 4.12). Likewise, our study showed that does in a late lactation stage had a high risk of SCM (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02 \u2013 6.72). A major limitation of our study was the use of the CMT test, as it is well established that the use of this test may overestimate the true value of the prevalence of SCM in goats, due to high somatic cell counts in milk from uninfected does udders. As such, a higher CMT positivity threshold (score \u2265 2) is recommended in goats to reduce the number of false positives (Paape et al<\/em>., 2001).<\/p>\n Our study identified four main risk factors for SCM in dairy goat herds in western Algeria: udder hygiene, barn hygiene, parity and lactation stage; confirming that SCM is a multifactorial disease that results from the interaction between animal-associated factors and herd management practices. Our results highlight the importance of raising the awareness of farmers about good farming practices, particularly good hygiene, in order to reduce the prevalence of SCM in goats.<\/p>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n The authors would like to thank the veterinary services of the Chlef and Beni Abb\u00e8s provinces for kindly providing the data used in this study.<\/p>\n <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n This work was supported by the General Directorate for Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) under the authority of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MESRS) of Algeria.<\/p>\n <\/a> 1.\tAKTER, S., M. M. RAHMAN, M. A. SAYEED, M. N. ISLAM, D. HOSSAIN, M. A. HOQUE and G. KOOP (2020): Prevalence, aetiology and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in goats in Bangladesh. Small Rumin. Res. 184. 10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2020.106046. <\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n Subklini\u010dki mastitis (SCM) \u010desta je bolest mlije\u010dnih koza koja negativno utje\u010de na kvalitetu i prinos mlijeka, rezultiraju\u0107i zna\u010dajnim ekonomskim gubicima. Ova presje\u010dna studija provedena je za procjenu prevalencije SCM i s njim povezanih faktora rizika u mlije\u010dnih koza u zapadnoj regiji Al\u017eira. U studiju su uklju\u010dene 22 farme, a podatci o faktorima rizika su prikupljeni pomo\u0107u upitnika kojeg su popunili farmeri. Nasumi\u010dno je izabrano ukupno 150 koza, bez klini\u010dkih znakova mastitisa, da bi se utvrdila prevalencija SCM, uporabom Kalifornijskog mastitis testa (CMT). Generalizirani linearni mje\u0161oviti model rabljen je za identifikaciju faktora rizika. Procijenjena prevalencija SCM bila je 20,7 % (95% interval pouzdanosti \u201e95% CI\u201c: 14,2% – 27,2%). Rezultati modela su ukazali da je rizik od SCM zna\u010dajno ve\u0107i u koza koje su imale prljavo vime (omjer izgleda (OR) = 1,98; 95% CI: 1,27 \u2013 3,32), koje se uzgajaju u ne\u010distim stajama (OR = 6,65; 95% CI: 1,17 \u2013 9,39), koje su bile multipare (OR = 1,17; 95% CI: 1,06 \u2013 4,12) i koje su bile u kasnoj fazi laktacije (OR = 1,14; 95% CI: 1,02 – 6,72). Na\u0161i nalazi nagla\u0161avaju va\u017enost prikladnih praksi upravljanja stadom za smanjenje prevalencije SCM u stadima mlije\u010dnih koza.<\/p>\n Klju\u010dne rije\u010di:<\/strong> subklini\u010dki mastitis, koza, prevalencija, faktori rizika, Al\u017eir<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" I. Belabdi, M. El Amine Bekara, A. Djebbar, M. Sebaihia, N. Ait Issad and N. Mimoune* Ibrahim BELABDI, Department of<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[273,2255,502,2080,2077],"issuem_issue":[2264],"ppma_author":[2301,2302,2303,2304,1385,262],"class_list":["post-7404","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-original-scientific-articles","tag-algeria","tag-goats","tag-prevalence","tag-risk-factors","tag-subclinical-mastitis","issuem_issue-veterinarska-stanica-55-6"],"yoast_head":"\n\nAbstract<\/a>Introduction<\/a>Material and methods<\/a>Results<\/a>Discussion<\/a>Acknowledgments<\/a>Statements & Declarations<\/a>References<\/a>Sa\u017eetak<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n
Abstract<\/h2>\n
\nIntroduction<\/h2>\n
\nMaterial and methods<\/h2>\n
\nStudy area<\/h3>\n
![\"figure01-prevalence\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/figure01-prevalence.webp\")
Ethics approval<\/h3>\n
\nApproval was granted by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria (24\/01\/2023, Ref. No. SO-07-2023).<\/p>\nType of study, sample size and data collection<\/h3>\n
\nSample size (n<\/em>) was calculated using the following formula (Dohoo et al<\/em>., 2009):<\/p>\n![\"formula01-prevalence\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/formula01-prevalence.webp\")
<\/p>\nMilk sampling and CMT Test<\/h3>\n
\nThe teats were disinfected with a 70% ethanol solution and wiped with an individual towel. The first few streams of milk were discarded. For each half-udder, 2 mL milk was collected in a CMT test cup and mixed with 2 mL CMT reagent (a surfactant agent, sodium alkyl aryl sulfonate) by circular rotation movement for 30 seconds. The viscosity of the mix was scored from 0 to 3 (Sargeant et al<\/em>., 2001). Unlike in cows, a score of 2 in goats is considered a threshold for the detection of intramammary infections. This threshold is used to avoid false-positive results, because milk somatic cell counts for goats without intramammary infection are higher than that of cows (Paape et al<\/em>., 2001). A does is considered \u201cpositive\u201d when it shows at least one positive half-udder.<\/p>\nStatistical analysis<\/h3>\n
\n
\nThe Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow test was used to assess model calibration. The significance level was set at 5%. The results of the final model are presented as an odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nResults<\/h2>\n
\nDescriptive analysis<\/h3>\n
![\"table01-prevalence\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/table01-prevalence.png\")
a<\/sup>Percentage by column.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\nIn terms of milking practices, 91.3% of goat farmers reported that hand washing is systematically practiced before each milking, but udder disinfection before milking was practiced on just 40% of goats.
\nThe results of our survey showed that the removal of the first jet of milk is applied on 41.3% of goats, of which 43.6% eliminated the milk on the ground (Table 1).<\/p>\nRisk factors<\/h3>\n
![\"table02-prevalence\"](\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/table02-prevalence.png\")
a<\/sup>P<\/em>-value of variable effect.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\nFinally, does that were in a lactation stage “5 months or more” had a higher risk of SCM compared to those in their first two months of lactation (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.02 \u2013 6.72). The Hosmer-Lemeshow value for goodness-of-fit of the final model was considered acceptable (P<\/em>-value = 0.36).<\/p>\nDiscussion<\/h2>\n
\n
\nThis result is consistent with the study of Schreiner and Ruegg (2003), which reported that animals with dirty udders are 1.5 times more likely to have major pathogens in their milk than those with cleaner udders.<\/p>\n
\nThis was consistent with other studies, indicating that the prevalence of SCM is lower during the first lactation and significantly increases with age and parity (Moroni et al<\/em>., 2005; Ferdous et al<\/em>., 2018; Menzies, 2021).<\/p>\n
\nThis finding was expected, since it is well known that the prevalence of mastitis is positively correlated with lactation stage (Moroni et al<\/em>., 2005; Megersa et al<\/em>., 2010; Akter et al<\/em>., 2020). In addition, our results were in agreement with Akter et al<\/em>., (2020), showing that does in a lactation stage greater than two months had a higher risk of SCM (OR = 5.1; 95% CI: 1.8 \u2013 14.6), and that the higher risk of SCM in late-lactation was more likely due to a low self-cure rate in goats, leading to an increase in the prevalence of chronic cases with increasing lactation length (Akter et al<\/em>., 2020).<\/p>\nAcknowledgments<\/h2>\n
\nStatements & Declarations<\/h2>\n
\nFunding<\/h3>\n
\nReferences<\/strong> [… show]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n ▲<\/a><\/p>\n
\n2.\tALI, Z. A., G. MUHAMMAD, T. AHMAD, R. U. KHAN, S. NAZ, H. ANWAR, F. A. FAROOQI, M. N. MANZOOR and A. R. USAMA (2010): Prevalence of caprine sub-clinical mastitis, its etiological agents and their sensitivity to antibiotics in indigenous breeds of Kohat, Pakistan.
\n3.\tBERGONIER, D., R. DE-CREMOUX, R. RUPP, G. LAGRIFFOUL and X. BERTHELOT (2003): Mastitis of dairy small ruminants. Vet. Res. 34, 689-716. 10.1051\/vetres:2003030
\n4.\tBURNHAM, K. P. and D. R. ANDERSON (2002): Model Selection and Multimodel Inference, 2nd ed. Springer New York, New York. 10.1007\/b97636
\n5.\tDOHOO, I. R., S. W. MARTIN and H. STRYHN (2009): Veterinary Epidemiologic Research, 2nd ed. VER, Incorporated, Canada, 865p.
\n6.\tD. S. A (Direction des Services Agricoles) (2021): Agricultural Statistics of 2019. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Algeria.
\n7.\tF. A. O (2020): FAOSTAT. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/fr\/#data\/QCL. Accessed: 08 April 2023. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/fr\/#data\/QCL).
\n8.\tFERDOUS, J., M. S. RAHMAN, M. I. KHAN, M. KHAN and U. K. RIMA (2018): Prevalence of clinical and subclinical caprine mastitis of northern region in Bangladesh. Progressive Agriculture. 29, 127\u2013138.
\n9.\tGABLI, Z., Z. DJERROU, A. E. GABLI and M. BENSALEM (2019): Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria. Vet. World 12, 1563-1572. 10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1563-1572.
\n10.\tLEITNER, G., U. MERIN and N. SILANIKOVE (2004): Changes in Milk Composition as Affected by Subclinical Mastitis in Goats. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 1719\u20131726. 10.3168\/JDS.S0022-0302(04)73325-1.
\n11.\tMAHLANGU, P., N. MAINA and J. KAGIRA (2018): Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. J. Vet. Med. 1-8. 10.1155\/2018\/3801479.
\n12.\tMAROGNA, G., C. PILO, A. VIDILI, S. TOLA, G. SCHIANCHI, S. G. LEORI (2012): Comparison of clinical findings, microbiological results, and farming parameters in goat herds affected by recurrent infectious mastitis. Small Rumin. Res. 102, 74\u201383. 10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2011.08.013.
\n13.\tMCDOUGALL, S., P. MURDOUGH, W. PANKEY, C. DELANEY, J. BARLOW and D. SCRUTON (2001): Relationships among somatic cell count, California mastitis test, impedance and bacteriological status of milk in goats and sheep in early lactation. Small Rumin. Rese. 40. 10.1016\/S0921-4488(01)00185-7.
\n14.\tMEGERSA, B., C. TADESSE, F. ABUNNA, A. REGASSA, B. MEKIBIB and E. DEBELA (2010): Occurrence of mastitis and associated risk factors in lactating goats under pastoral management in Borana, Southern Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 42, 1249\u20131255. 10.1007\/s11250-010-9557-7.
\n15.\tMENZIES, P. (2021): Udder Health for Dairy Goats. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 37, 149-174. 10.1016\/J.CVFA.2020.12.002.
\n16.\tMISHRA, A. K., N. SHARMA, D. D. SINGH, K. GURURAJ, K. ABHISHEK, V. KUMAR and D. K. SHARMA (2018): Prevalence and bacterial etiology of subclinical mastitis in goats reared in organized farms. Vet. World 11, 20. 10.14202\/VETWORLD.2018.20-24.
\n17.\tMORONI, P., G. PISONI, G. RUFFO and P. J. BOETTCHER (2005): Risk factors for intramammary infections and relationship with somatic-cell counts in Italian dairy goats 69, 163\u2013173. 10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.10.013.
\n18.\tPAAPE, M. J., B. POUTREL, A. CONTRERAS, J. C. MARCO and A. V. CAPUCO (2001): Milk Somatic Cells and Lactation in Small Ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 84, E237\u2013E244. 10.3168\/jds.s0022-0302(01)70223-8.
\n19.\tRAZI, K. M. A., M. B. RAHMAN, H. G. FLORES-GUTI\u00c9RREZ, M. T. RAHMAN (2012): Prevalence of Caprine Subclinical Mastitis in Mymensingh Area and Characterization of Associated Bacterial Agents and the Risk Factors. Microbes and Health 1, 1\u20135. 10.1007\/s002033-010-0562-z.
\n20.\tSAIDI, R., N. MIMOUNE, R. BAAZIZI, D. KHELEF, M. Y. AZZOUZ, R. KAIDI (2020): Contribution to studying ecto and mesoparasites in goats in Southern Algeria. Veterinaria 69. https:\/\/veterinaria.unsa.ba\/journal\/index.php\/vfs\/article\/view\/313.
\n21.\tSARGEANT, J. M., K. E. LESLIE, J. E. SHIRLEY, B. J. PULKRABEK and G. H. LIM (2001): Sensitivity and Specificity of Somatic Cell Count and California Mastitis Test for Identifying Intramammary Infection in Early Lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 84, 2018\u20132024. 10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74645-0.
\n22.\tSCHMIDT, V., A. T. PINTO, R. N. SCHNEIDER, F. F. P. DA-SILVA, F. A. MELLO (2009): Characterization of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats herds raised on an organic system in Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 29, 774-778.
\n23.\tSCHREINER, D. A. and P. L. RUEGG (2003): Relationship Between Udder and Leg Hygiene Scores and Subclinical Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Research 86, 3460\u20133465.
\n24.\tZHAO, Y., H. LIU, X. ZHAO, Y. GAO, M. ZHANG and D. CHEN (2015): Prevalence and pathogens of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in China. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 47, 429\u2013435. 10.1007\/s11250-014-0742-y.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n
Prevalencija i faktori rizika subklini\u010dkog mastitisa u koza u zapadnoj regiji Al\u017eira<\/h2>\n
\nIbrahim BELABDI<\/strong>, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria; Mohammed EL AMINE BEKARA<\/strong>, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria, Biotechnology Research Center (CRBt), PB E73\/UV 03 Ali Mendjeli, Nouvelle Ville, Constantine, 25000, Algeria; Abla DJEBBAR<\/strong>, Mohammed SEBAIHIA<\/strong>, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria; Nassima AIT ISSAD<\/strong>, Animal Health & Production Laboratory, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Saad Dahleb University, Blida 1, Algeria; Nora MIMOUNE<\/strong>, Animal Health & Production Laboratory, Higher National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria<\/div>\n
\n