{"id":657,"date":"2021-03-22T21:48:19","date_gmt":"2021-03-22T21:48:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/?post_type=article&p=657"},"modified":"2021-06-18T12:15:37","modified_gmt":"2021-06-18T10:15:37","slug":"camel-mastitis-in-southern-algeria","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=camel-mastitis-in-southern-algeria","title":{"rendered":"Camel mastitis in Southern Algeria"},"content":{"rendered":"

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R. Saidi<\/strong>#<\/sup>, N. Mimoune<\/strong>#<\/sup>*, M. H. Benaissa<\/strong>, R. Baazizi<\/strong>, F. Z. Aissaoui<\/strong>, M. Behalil<\/strong>, D. Khelef<\/strong> and R. Kaidi<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Radhwane SAIDI<\/strong>#<\/sup>, Department of Agronomy, Telidji Amar University, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Nora MIMOUNE<\/strong>#<\/sup>*, (Corresponding author, e-mail: nora.mimoune@gmail.com), National High School of veterinary medicine, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Biotechnologies Related to Animal reproduction (LBRA), University Saad Dahleb, BP: 270, Soumaa road, Blida, Algeria; Mohamed Hocine BENAISSA<\/strong>, Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Areas, Biophysical Station, Touggourt, Algeria; Ratiba BAAZIZI<\/strong>, National High School of veterinary medicine, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria; Fatma Zohra AISSAOUI<\/strong>, Messaouda BEHALIL<\/strong>, Department of Biology, Telidji Amar University, 03000 Laghouat, Algeria; Djamel KHELEF<\/strong>, National High School of veterinary medicine, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria; Rachid KAIDI<\/strong>, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Biotechnologies Related to Animal reproduction (LBRA), University Saad Dahleb, BP: 270, Soumaa road, Blida, Algeria
\n#<\/sup> These authors have contributed equally in this work.<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46419\/vs.52.3.9<\/a><\/div>\n<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract<\/a>Introduction<\/a>Materials and Methods<\/a>Results and Discussion<\/a>Conclusions<\/a>References<\/a>Sa\u017eetak<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n

<\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n

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Abstract<\/h2>\n
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In Algeria, camel breeding participates in the national milk production. However, this breeding faces significant health problems, including mammary pathologies. This disease is a major public health threat, due to the existence of human pathogens in milk. Several species are associated with this mastitis.
\nUnlike cow\u2019s milk, goat and camel milk are most often consumed in the fresh raw state, thus escaping any official control. The present study aimed to determine the nature and frequency of mastitis, and the nature and frequency of the responsible bacteria in each type of mastitis in southern Algeria. A total of 62 camels were subjected to clinical examination and screening for subclinical mastitis and the presence of Brucella<\/em> using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and ring test, respectively. CMT positive samples were then further subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were present with frequencies of 4.44% and 95.55%, respectively. Bacteriological analysis isolated a total of 73 samples of 45 seeds. Staphylococci were most commonly isolated, with a frequency of 63.01%. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> were at the top of the list, with 35.61%, while Staphylococcus<\/em> SCN (coagulase negative staphylococci) represented only 27.39%. Streptococci were the second most isolated group, with 28.77%.
\nGram-positive bacilli were in third place, accounting for 6.85% of all isolates. Gram- negative bacilli (enterobacteria) were isolated with a frequency of 1.36%. Brucella<\/em> was present with a frequency of 4.44%. Finally, an extended study on a larger sample of camels is required in the future.<\/p>\n

Key words:<\/strong> camel milk; bacteria; CMT; Algeria; mastitis<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a> ▲<\/a><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n
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In Algeria, 80% of milk production comes from cattle, the rest is provided by sheep, goats and camels. However, the milk demand is not covered by the local production. Indeed, Algeria ranks third in the world for the import of milk and dairy products. In 2006, more than US$ 500 million were spent on the import of milk powder, to make up for the production deficit (Msaddak et al<\/em>., 2019). Production covers only 40% of the population demand, due to the fact that the majority of breeders do not own land, which increases the costs of breeding. Another reason is linked to the price of livestock feed, which has risen sharply. At the same time, areas reserved for fodder crops have been markedly reduced. Further, the aging of the cattle population has considerably reduced production, and predisposed animals to develop diseases such as mastitis (Saidi et al<\/em>., 2013, 2015, 2018).<\/p>\n

An alternative to this low milk production is to encourage milk production of other animal species, particularly camel. However, much work remains to be done, especially in the mastery of breeding techniques, since these species is confronted with certain health issues, including mastitis, which can be significant. There has long been a lack of interest in camel mastitis on the grounds that clinical mastitis in this species is infrequent. However, the \u201csubclinical\u201d form of mastitis goes unnoticed and its prevalence is therefore not well known. Several bacterial species are associated with this type of mastitis and their presence in milk can have a negative impact on consumer health (Turk et al<\/em>., 2017; Beni\u0107 et al<\/em>., 2018). The milk of animals with clinical and subclinical mastitis can represent a hygienic threat due to the pathogenic or potentially pathogenic species it contains on the one hand, and by the consumption of residues of antibiotics used in treatment on the other (Cvetni\u0107 et al<\/em>., 2016; Burovi\u0107, 2020). However, in most African countries including Algeria, unlike cow\u2019s milk, camel milk is directly consumed most often raw or sold to the informal market thus escaping any quality control.<\/p>\n

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in camels and the nature and frequency of the bacteria responsible for this pathology.<\/p>\n

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Materials and Methods<\/h2>\n
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Study area and selected farms<\/h3>\n

The study was conducted during the period from February 2016 to May 2017 on seven farms in the Laghouat and Djelfa regions of southern Algeria. Table a summarizes the main characteristics of the farms.<\/p>\n

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Table 1.<\/strong> Characteristics of the selected farms.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Methods<\/h3>\n

The study included 62 camels, all from an indigenous race, mainly from the Sahrawi population. Breeding management followed an extensive and sometimes intensive mode and milking was performed manually.<\/p>\n

Animals<\/h3>\n

Animals included in the study were selected randomly within herds according to the accessibility of the breeders. Age, lactation stage, lactation number were not taken into account in the choice of animals. Milk samples were taken from lactating females that may or may not show visible signs of mammary infection to exclude any cases of clinical mastitis.<\/p>\n

Examination procedure<\/h3>\n

The udder and milk of the lactating camels were examined to determine clinical mastitis. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was also performed to detect subclinical mastitis. Calves were allowed to suckle to stimulate milk. The milk from all quarters of the camel udders was screened with the CMT test, and quarters that responded positively to the test were sampled for subsequent bacteriological analysis to determine the nature of the bacteria involved in this type of mastitis.<\/p>\n

Californian Mastitis Test (CMT)<\/h3>\n

This is a sensitive and rapid method of detecting abnormally cell-rich milk.
\nThe principle consists of a mixture of milk and teepool (detergent) in equal quantity to burst the cells, whose nuclear DNA gels on contact with the latter. The size of the gel is directly proportional to the cellular level of the milk (Schalm and Noorlander, 1957).<\/p>\n

For detection, in addition to the coloration obtained by the milk\/teepool mixture that signals an infection of the udders, the formation of a gel is observed that provides information on the concentration of somatic cells in the milk.
\nIn the present study, we were limited to observing the colour of the mixture obtained and the presence or absence of the formation of a gel. Bromocresol purple (pH indicator) is often mixed with the reagent for easy reading. The intensity of the reaction is noted from \u2013 to +++ or from 0 to 4. A reaction is considered positive when the assigned score is greater than 1.<\/p>\n

Milk collection<\/h3>\n

Samples for bacteriological analysis were carried out while respecting the aseptic conditions specified in the literature (Abdi et al<\/em>., 2013). The nipple of the quarter concerned was thoroughly washed with water, dried and the end of the teat was disinfected with cotton wool soaked in 70% alcohol. About 10 mL milk was collected aseptically after the first milk flow was discarded. Sample tubes were labelled and immediately placed in a cooler (4\u20138 \u00b0C) and taken to the bacteriology laboratory.<\/p>\n

Bacteriology<\/h3>\n

Upon arrival at the laboratory, samples were analysed for searching brucella. For this, we applied the Ring Test to milk.<\/p>\n