{"id":4829,"date":"2022-05-02T13:24:35","date_gmt":"2022-05-02T11:24:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/?post_type=article&p=4829"},"modified":"2022-06-24T12:25:32","modified_gmt":"2022-06-24T10:25:32","slug":"forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom","title":{"rendered":"Forenzi\u010dka patologija u prosu\u0111ivanju zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja – trovanje \u017eivotinja metaldehidom"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u017deljko Mihaljevi\u0107<\/strong>*, \u0160imun Naletili\u0107<\/strong> i Stjepan Brzica<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Dr. sc. \u017deljko MIHALJEVI\u0106<\/strong>*, dr. med. vet., znanstveni savjetnik, (dopisni autor, e-mail miha@veinst.hr), \u0160imun NALETILI\u0106<\/strong>, dr. med. vet., stru\u010dni suradnik, Hrvatski veterinarski institut, Zagreb, Hrvatska; Stjepan BRZICA<\/strong>, dipl. ing., samostalni vje\u0161tak za toksikolo\u0161ka vje\u0161ta\u010denja, Centar za forenzi\u010dka ispitivanja, istra\u017eivanja i vje\u0161ta\u010denja \u201eIvan Vu\u010deti\u0107\u201c, Zagreb, Hrvatska<\/div>\n
\"\"<\/a>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46419\/vs.53.6.5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/p>\n

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Sa\u017eetak<\/a>Uvod<\/a>Metaldehid<\/a>Mehanizam toksi\u010dnog djelovanja<\/a>Klini\u010dka slika<\/a>Prikaz slu\u010dajeva<\/a>Rasprava<\/a>Zaklju\u010dak<\/a>Literatura<\/a>Abstract<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Sa\u017eetak<\/h2>\n
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Metaldehid je aktivni sastojak u limacidima, pripravcima koji slu\u017ee za suzbijanje pu\u017eeva.
\nTrovanja \u017eivotinja metaldehidom mogu biti slu\u010dajna, ali i namjerna. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je trovanje metaldehidom opisano u pasa, u kojih se znaci otrovanja mogu pojaviti ve\u0107 nakon 10-tak minuta, ali se naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e pojave 1-3 sata nakon ingestije otrova. Antidot za metaldehid ne postoji i terapija se svodi na eliminaciju metaldehida iz organizma i kontrolu mi\u0161i\u0107nog tremora i konvulzija. Ovaj tekst objedinjuje na\u0161a iskustva s forenzi\u010dkim prosu\u0111ivanjem zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja trovanjem metaldehidom (tri psa, jedna ma\u010dka i jedan je\u017e). Opisane su patolo\u0161ke i patohistolo\u0161ke lezije. Opravdana sumnja na trovanje metaldehidom postavljena je specifi\u010dnim nalazom zeleno plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja u \u017eeludcu i crijevima. Kona\u010dna dijagnoza postavljena je toksikolo\u0161kim dokazom metaldehida u sadr\u017eaju \u017eeludca, bubregu i jetri.<\/p>\n

Klju\u010dne rije\u010di:<\/strong> metaldehid, limacid, trovanje, pas, forenzi\u010dka patologija<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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Uvod<\/h2>\n
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Namjerno trovanje \u017eivotinja je zlo\u010din sam po sebi. Mi\u0161ljenje je da je to va\u017ean indikator drugih nedjela protiv ljudi i zlo\u010dina\u010dke osobnosti (Janssen, 2007., Levitt i sur., 2016.). Poznato je da se veterinari vrlo \u010desto susre\u0107u s namjernim trovanjem \u017eivotinja. Patolozi se redovito susre\u0107u sa slu\u010dajevima trovanja \u017eivotinja, a svaki pojedini slu\u010daj uklju\u010duje zlostavljanje kao mogu\u0107u diferencijalnu dijagnozu za na\u0111ene ozljede na truplu \u017eivotinje. Na metodi\u010dan na\u010din se otkriju i zabilje\u017ee ozljede, bolest i abnormalnosti te se znanstveno i logi\u010dki tuma\u010de na na\u010din da sud razumije uzrok i zna\u010denje na\u0111enih patolo\u0161kih promjena (Parry i Stoll, 2020.). Ovaj tekst objedinjuje na\u0161a iskustva s forenzi\u010dkim prosu\u0111ivanjem o zlostavljanju \u017eivotinja trovanjem metaldehidom koji je aktivni sastojak u limacidima, pripravcima koji slu\u017ee za suzbijanje pu\u017eeva.<\/p>\n

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Metaldehid<\/h2>\n
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Metaldehid je otrovan za sve doma\u0107e \u017eivotinje, a trovanja su opisana u: pasa, ma\u010daka, ptica, konja, ovaca, koza i goveda (Campbel i Chapman, 2000., Puschner, 2006., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009., Blakley, 2021.). Koristi se kao limacid koji se mo\u017ee kupiti bez posebnih ograni\u010denja.
\nNa hrvatskom tr\u017ei\u0161tu najzastupljeniji limacid je \u201ePu\u017eomor\u201e u obliku mamca (pelete) plave boje, a nalazimo ih i u obliku teku\u0107ine i pra\u0161ka (Puschner, 2006., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009., Blakley, 2021.).
\n\u017divotinje su naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e namjerno otrovane mamcima za pu\u017eeve inkorporiranim u hranu. Peleti metaldehida \u201ePu\u017eomor\u201c su napravljeni tako da privla\u010de pu\u017eeve, a zbog dodataka na bazi \u0161e\u0107erne melase imaju palatabilne karakteristike koje privla\u010de pse i ma\u010dke. Me\u0111utim, ako se koristi prema uputama proizvo\u0111a\u010da, rizik od smrti zbog slu\u010dajnog trovanja psa ili ma\u010dke gotovo da ne postoji.<\/p>\n

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Tabela 1<\/strong>. Uspostavljene LD 50 doze na pojedinim \u017eivotinjskim vrstama.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Zbog toga kod smrti \u017eivotinje trovanje metaldehidom mo\u017eemo primarno smatrati zlostavljanjem \u017eivotinje. Naime, pu\u017eomorom se tretiraju zasa\u0111ene povr\u0161ine rasipanjem mamaca po tlu, ispod i izme\u0111u biljaka (ne na biljke) u najve\u0107im koli\u010dinama od 30-40 kg\/ha (300-400 g na 100 m2<\/sup>) (Anonymous, 2014.). U pasa oralna LD50<\/sub> metaldehida iznosi 100 mg\/kg (Talcott, 2003., Puschner, 2006., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009.), a pu\u017eomor sadr\u017ei 6 % metaldehida (Anonymous, 2014.). Tako bi pas od 30 kg morao pojesti 50 g pu\u017eomora s 12,5 m2<\/sup> povr\u0161ine. U nekih vrtlara postoji navika da se pu\u017eomor ostavlja u grudicama kraj biljke \u0161to onda predstavlja rizik za \u017eivotinje.<\/p>\n

Za ve\u0107inu doma\u0107ih \u017eivotinja je odre\u0111ena oralna LD50<\/sub> za trovanje metaldehidom koja je prikazana u Tabeli 1. (Talcott, 2003., Puschner, 2006., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009.).<\/p>\n

U pasa se klini\u010dki simptomi pojavljuju ve\u0107 u dozi od 2 mg\/kg (Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., De Roma i sur., 2017.). Sekundarno trovanje mo\u017ee uslijediti nakon ingestije uginulih pu\u017eeva, a zabilje\u017eeno je i u ptica (Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009.). Od divljih \u017eivotinja slu\u010dajnim trovanjem naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e stradavaju je\u017eevi (Nolte, 2012.).<\/p>\n

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Mehanizam toksi\u010dnog djelovanja<\/h2>\n
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To\u010dan mehanizam toksi\u010dnog u\u010dinka metaldehida velikim dijelom je jo\u0161 nepoznat. U limacidima djeluje direktnim kontaktom na pu\u017eeve tako da pove\u0107ava sekreciju sluzi do njihovog uginu\u0107a od dehidracije (Talcott, 2003.). U doma\u0107ih \u017eivotinja i ptica se metaldehid, to\u010dnije tetramer acetaldehida, nakon ingestije direktno resorbira u probavnom sustavu.
\nLokalno, u \u017eeludcu i crijevima nadra\u017euje sluznicu, a nakon resorpcije prolazi krvno-mo\u017edanu barijeru gdje prouzro\u010di sni\u017eenje koncentracije \u03b3-aminomasla\u010dne kiseline (GABA), noradrenalina i serotonina (5-hidroksitriptamin, 5HT) te pove\u0107anje aktivnosti enzima monoaminooksidaze (MAO-A i MAO-B) u mozgu (Homeida i Cooke, 1982., Puschner, 2006., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007.). Smanjenje koncentracije GABA, glavnog inhibicijskog neurotransmitora u sredi\u0161njem \u017eiv\u010danom sustavu, dovodi do sna\u017ene ekscitacije sredi\u0161njega i perifernoga \u017eiv\u010danog sustava, a smanjena koncentracija noradrenalina i serotonina povezana je s nastankom gr\u010deva (Dolder, 2003., Puschner, 2006., Bates i sur., 2012.).
\nBudu\u0107i da monoaminooksidaze sudjeluju u razgradnji noradrenalina i serotonina, pove\u0107anje njihove aktivnosti dovodi do jo\u0161 ve\u0107eg smanjenja koncentracija noradrenalina i serotonina. Zbog tremora muskulature javlja se hipertermija, koja ukoliko se tjelesna temperatura povisi iznad 41,6 \u00b0C mo\u017ee dovesti do generalizirane stani\u010dne nekroze i akutnog zatajenja organa (Dolder, 2003., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007.). Metaldehid izaziva i pojavu metaboli\u010dke acidoze, prouzro\u010de\u0107i promjene u koncentraciji elektrolita i acidobaznoj ravnote\u017ei \u0161to dovodi do depresije i hiperpneje (Puschner, 2006.).<\/p>\n

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Klini\u010dka slika<\/h2>\n
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Pojava klini\u010dkih simptoma trovanja uslijedi 10 minuta do nekoliko sati nakon ingestije, a najja\u010de su izra\u017eeni 1-3 sata nakon ingestije (Dolder, 2003., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., Blakley, 2021.). Blagi klini\u010dki znaci trovanja su: poti\u0161tenost, poja\u010dana ekscitiranost, pjena na ustima, povra\u0107anje, bolovi u trbuhu, proljev i facsikulacije mi\u0161i\u0107a. Te\u0161ki klini\u010dki znaci trovanja uklju\u010duju: pad krvnog tlaka, tahikardiju, zadihanost, nistagmus, midrijazu, dehidraciju, hipertermiju, depresiju disanja, konvulzije, kontinuirane toni\u010dne gr\u010deve, komu, ataksiju, a zbog zastoja disanja i smrt (Campbel i Chapman, 2000., Dolder, 2003., Puschner, 2006., Yas- Natan i sur., 2007., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009., Bates i sur., 2012., Blakley, 2021.).
\nO\u0161te\u0107enje jetre se pojavljuje 48 sati nakon ingestije metaldehida (Bates i sur., 2012.).
\nNaj\u010de\u0161\u0107i klini\u010dki simptomi su: visoka temperatura i trzanje mi\u0161i\u0107ja, a u pasa je \u010desto i poja\u010dano slinjenje, povra\u0107anje i proljev, \u010desto s krvavim sadr\u017eajem (Firth, 2007., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., De Roma i sur., 2017., Blakley, 2021.). U ma\u010daka se naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e javlja nistagmus (Puschner, 2006.). U doma\u0107ih i divljih se \u017eivotinja primijeti i nemogu\u0107nost stajanja, sljepo\u0107a, poja\u010dano slinjenje, dehidracija, ubrzano disanje i konvulzije (Dolder, 2003., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009., Blakley, 2021.). Otrovane \u017eivotinje obi\u010dno nakon nekoliko sati ugibaju u akutnom tijeku ili nekoliko dana od zatajenja jetre, bubrega i respiracije (Puschner, 2006., Bates i sur., 2012., Blakley, 2021.) (Tabela 2.).<\/p>\n

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Tabela 2<\/strong>. Vrijeme pojavljivanja klini\u010dkih simptoma nakon ingestije metaldehida.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kona\u010dna dijagnoza postavlja se nalazom metaldehida u \u017eelu\u010danom sadr\u017eaju, urinu, krvi ili tkivu kromatografskom analizom (Saito i sur., 2008., De Roma i sur., 2017.). Na\u017ealost, ne postoji specifi\u010dni antidot za metaldehid (Firth, 2007., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., Blakley, 2021.). Terapija se svodi na eliminaciju metaldehida iz organizma (uporaba emetika, ispiranje \u017eeludca, klistiranje) i kontrolu mi\u0161i\u0107nog tremora i konvulzija te osiguranje adekvatne kardiovaskularne i respiratorne funkcije (Blakley, 2021.).<\/p>\n

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Prikaz slu\u010dajeva<\/h2>\n
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Od 2019. do 2021. godine u Laboratorij za op\u0107u patologiju zaprimljeno je 5 le\u0161ina – 3 psa, 1 ma\u010dka i jedan je\u017e (Erinaceus europaeus<\/em>) – za koje se opravdano sumnjalo da su uginuli znog trovanja limacidima. U \u010detiri slu\u010daja veterinar je postavio sumnju u namjerno trovanje limacidima, dok se u je\u017ea postavila sumnja na slu\u010dajno trovanje.<\/p>\n

Prvi slu\u010daj<\/h3>\n

Na razudbu su dostavljena dva psa, pasmine Kangal, mu\u0161kog i \u017eenskog spola, istog vlasnika s anamnezom perakutnog uginu\u0107a popra\u0107enog \u017eiv\u010danim simptomima, jakim slinjenjem i proljevom zelene boje. Razudbom je u obje le\u0161ine utvr\u0111en gotovo identi\u010dan patoanatomski nalaz. U ustima, \u017edrijelu i jednjaku na\u0111e je zeleno-plavi pastozni sadr\u017eaj u kojem su vidljive pojedina\u010dne valjkaste granule veli\u010dine 3 x 1 mm (Slika 1.).<\/p>\n

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Slika 1<\/strong>. Specifi\u010dni zeleno plavi pastozni sadr\u017eaj u \u017eeludcu i crijevima psa s vidljivim granulama limacida u \u017eeludcu i krvarenjima po sluznici crijeva.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

U \u017eeludcu je bilo oko 1 kg zeleno-plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja s valjkastim granulama i primjesom djelomi\u010dno probavljenog mesa. Na tankim i debelim crijevima bila su vidljiva krvarenja po sluznici, a u lumenu se nalazio zeleno-plavi pastozni sadr\u017eaj. Uo\u010dena je punokrvnost i edem plu\u0107a s to\u010dkastim krvarenjima u parenhimu (slika 2).<\/p>\n

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Slika 2<\/strong>. Edem i punokrvnost plu\u0107a psa.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Srce je bilo blago pove\u0107ano s konfluiraju\u0107im to\u010dkastim krvarenjima po epikardu, miokardu i endokardu (slika 3.).<\/p>\n

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Slika 3<\/strong>. Konfluiraju\u0107a to\u010dkasta krvarenja po epikardu srca.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Jetra je bila pove\u0107ana s blago zaobljenim rubovima, a na prerezu su uo\u010dena nasumi\u010dna nepravilna podru\u010dja tamno-sme\u0111e boje. Po kori bubrega su multifokalno uo\u010dene bijelo-\u017eute to\u010dkaste promjene promjera oko 1 mm i to\u010dkasta krvarenja. Na ostalim parenhimskim organima bila je vidljiva jaka kongestija.<\/p>\n

Patohistolo\u0161kom pretragom na srcu je utvr\u0111ena degeneracija miofibrila s krvarenjima i multifokalnim limfocitno-plazmocitnim miokarditisom (slika 4.).<\/p>\n

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Slika 4<\/strong>. Miokard – multifokalni limfocitno-plazmocitni miokarditis i degeneracija miofibrila s krvarenjem.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Na plu\u0107ima je utvr\u0111en edem i punokrvnost s krvarenjima u parenhimu (slika 5.).<\/p>\n

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Slika 5<\/strong>. Plu\u0107a – edem i krvarenja u plu\u0107nom parenhimu; punokrvnost krvnih \u017eila.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pretragom jetre utvr\u0111ena je centrilobarna hepati\u010dna nekroza (slika 6.) i krvarenje.<\/p>\n

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Slika 6<\/strong>. Jetra – centrilobarna nekroza i krvarenje.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Pretragom bubrega utvr\u0111en je limfocitno-plazmocitni nefritis s kortikalnim krvarenjima (slika 7.), a pretragom mozga vakuolizacija glija stanica (slika 8.). Na ostalim organima uo\u010dena je punokrvnost.<\/p>\n

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Slika 7<\/strong>. Bubreg, limfocotno-plazmocitni nefritis s kortikalnim krvarenjima.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Slika 8<\/strong>. Mozak – vakuolizacija glija stanica.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Uzrok smrti je cirkulacijski kolaps i ugu\u0161enje kao posljedica edema i krvarenja u plu\u0107ima. Specifi\u010dan nalaz sadr\u017eaja u \u017eeludcu i crijevima upu\u0107uje na vjerojatno trovanje metaldehidom.<\/p>\n

Drugi slu\u010daj<\/h3>\n

Na razudbu je dostavljena le\u0161ina psa, mje\u0161anca, mu\u0161kog spola, prema anamnezi prethodno zakopanog pa otkopanog, perakutno uginulog s vidljivim \u017eiv\u010danim simptomima i jakim slinjenjem.
\nRazudbom je uo\u010dena punokrvnost, edem i krvarenja po plu\u0107ima. U \u017edrijelu i jednjaku je na\u0111en zeleno plavi pastozni sadr\u017eaj. U \u017eeludcu je na\u0111eno oko 500 mL zeleno-plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja s valjkastim mrvi\u010dastim granulama i primjesom djelomi\u010dno probavljenog mesa, a u crijevima umjerena koli\u010dina zeleno-plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja.
\nU probavnom traktu uo\u010den je akutni hemoragi\u010dno kataralni gastroenteritis.
\nU parenhimu gu\u0161tera\u010de uo\u010dena su multifokalna krvarenja, a uo\u010dena je i izrazita punokrvnost mo\u017edanih ovojnica.
\nPatohistolo\u0161ki je utvr\u0111ena autoliza parenhimskih organa.<\/p>\n

Uzrok smrti je cirkulacijski kolaps i ugu\u0161enje kao posljedica edema i krvarenja u plu\u0107ima, a specifi\u010dan nalaz plavo-zelenih granula u \u017eeludcu i crijevima upu\u0107uje na vjerojatno trovanje metaldehidom.<\/p>\n

Tre\u0107i slu\u010daj<\/h3>\n

Na razudbu je dostavljena le\u0161ina doma\u0107e ma\u010dke, mu\u0161kog spola, s anamnesti\u010dkim podatcima perakutnog uginu\u0107a i sumnje na trovanje. Razudbom je uo\u010dena uznapredovala autoliza s jakom infestacijom li\u010dinkama muha, punokrvnost, edem i krvarenja po plu\u0107ima, krvarenja u parenhimu timusa i gu\u0161tera\u010de te punokrvnost i autoliti\u010dki procesi na drugim parenhimskim organima. U \u017eeludcu i crijevima na\u0111eno je oko 200 mL ka\u0161astog sivo-zelenog sadr\u017eaja. Patohistolo\u0161kom pretragom uo\u010dena je autoliza te parenhimska krvarenja u plu\u0107ima, gu\u0161tera\u010di i timusu.
\nNa toksikolo\u0161ku pretragu upu\u0107en je sadr\u017eaj \u017eeludca, dio jetre i bubrezi. U sadr\u017eaju \u017eeludca prona\u0111ena je prisutnost metaldehida (Slika 9.).<\/p>\n

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Slika 9<\/strong>. Kromatogram uzorka sadr\u017eaja \u017eeludca.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u010cetvrti slu\u010daj<\/h3>\n

Na razudbu je dostavljena le\u0161ina je\u017ea (Erinaceus europaeus<\/em>), mu\u0161kog spola, na\u0111ena u vrtu. Razudbom je utvr\u0111ena punokrvnost, edem i krvarenja po plu\u0107ima. U \u017eeludcu je na\u0111eno oko 50 mL zeleno-plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja s valjkastim mrvi\u010dastim granulama, a u duodenumu umjerena koli\u010dina zeleno-plavog pastoznog sadr\u017eaja. Na ostalim organima uo\u010dena je punokrvnost.<\/p>\n

Uzrok smrti je cirkulacijski kolaps i ugu\u0161enje kao posljedica edema i krvarenja u plu\u0107ima, a specifi\u010dan nalaz plavo-zelenih granula u \u017eeludcu i crijevima upu\u0107uje na, vjerojatno, trovanje metaldehidom.<\/p>\n

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Rasprava<\/h2>\n
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Trovanja ku\u0107nih ljubimaca metaldehidom mogu biti slu\u010dajna, ali i namjerna. Za patologa je vrlo te\u0161ko prosuditi je li trovanje metaldehidom namjerno. U prosudbi namjere trovanja poma\u017ee vi\u0161e \u010dimbenika, a najva\u017eniji su: anamnesti\u010dki podatci, koli\u010dina progutanog otrova te nalaz nosa\u010da (otrov je inkorporiran u nosa\u010d, obi\u010dno u pa\u0161teti ili u mljeveno meso). Ukoliko se limacid koristi prema uputama proizvo\u0111a\u010da slu\u010dajno trovanje s letalnim ishodom je gotovo nemogu\u0107e. Ipak, treba imati na umu da \u017eivotinja mo\u017ee do\u0107i do nesavjesno distribuiranog limacida u grudice oko biljaka ili pakiranja \u010diji se dijelovi ambala\u017ee mogu na\u0107i u \u017eeludcu. Prvi i drugi opisani slu\u010daj zabilje\u017eeni su tijekom prosinca i listopada \u0161to dodatno potvr\u0111uje namjerno trovanja \u017eivotinje, budu\u0107i da se povr\u0161ine tretiraju pu\u017eomorom u vrijeme pove\u0107ane populacije pu\u017eeva u vrtovima u prolje\u0107e i rano ljeto. Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e je trovanje metaldehidom opisano u pasa (Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009.), kod kojih se znaci otrovanja mogu pojaviti ve\u0107 nakon 15-tak minuta, ali obi\u010dno se pojave 1-3 sata nakon ingestije otrova. U pacijenata s perakutnim gastrointestinalnim i neurolo\u0161kim simptomima neophodno je brzo reagirati ispiranjem \u017eeludca, da bi se iz probavnog trakta izvuklo \u0161to vi\u0161e metaldehida, a u pacijenata s produljenim klini\u010dkim znacima indicirano je i ponoviti tretman. Nu\u017eno je lije\u010denje sedativima (Diazepan i barbiturati), da bi se kontrolirala poja\u010dana nadra\u017eenost \u017eiv\u010danog sustava (konvulzije), a vrlo \u010desto je potrebno aplicirati i nekoliko sedativa ili anestetika (Dolder, 2003., Talcott, 2003., Puschner, 2006., Firth, 2007., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., Bates i sur., 2012.). Aktivni ugljen nije u\u010dinkovit jer ne ve\u017ee metaldehid (Campbel and Chapman, 2000.). Vrlo \u010desto se javlja i hipertermija pa \u017eivotinju treba hladiti (Dolder, 2003., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., De Roma i sur., 2017.). Za kontrolu metaboli\u010dke acidoze preporu\u010duje se infuzija Ringerova laktata i 5 % dekstroze u slu\u010daju mi\u0161i\u0107nog tremora (Bates i sur., 2012.). Na\u017ealost, antidot za metaldehid ne postoji i ako se ne zapo\u010dne na vrijeme s terapijom ishod \u010desto mo\u017ee biti letalan.
\nZabilje\u017eeni se mortalitet pacijenata koji do\u0111u na lije\u010denje kre\u0107e oko 15 % (Firth, 2007., Bates i sur., 2012., De Roma i sur., 2017.).<\/p>\n

U na\u0161em prvom slu\u010daju naglo su uginula dva psa s prethodnim gastrointestinalnim, neurolo\u0161kim i respiratornim klini\u010dkim znacima.
\nU drugom slu\u010daju pas je pokazivao samo neurolo\u0161ke simptome i poja\u010dano slinjenje te je vlasnik zbog straha od bjesno\u0107e, ve\u0107 zakopanu le\u0161inu otkopao i poslao na razudbu. Prema podatcima iz literature ti simptomi odgovaraju naj\u010de\u0161\u0107im simptomima trovanja metaldehidom (Dolder, 2003., Yas-Natan i sur., 2007., Bates i sur., 2012., De Roma i sur., 2017.).<\/p>\n

Ustanovljene patolo\u0161ko-morfolo\u0161ke promjene u vidu to\u010dkastih krvarenja u parenhimu plu\u0107a, epikardu, miokardu, endokardu, gu\u0161tera\u010di, timusu i kori bubrega te punokrvnost svih parenhimskih organa i mo\u017edanih ovojnica su nespecifi\u010dne i upu\u0107uju na respiratorno-cirkulatorni kolaps.
\nPatohistolo\u0161ki uo\u010dena degeneracija miofibrila s krvarenjima i multifokalnim limfocitno-plazmocitnim miokarditisom, centrilobarna hepati\u010dka nekroza, limfocitno plazmocitni nefritis s kortikalnim krvarenjima i vakuolizacija glija stanica su u koherenciji s podatcima iz literature (Campbel i Chapman, 2000., Puschner, 2006., Srebo\u010dan i Srebo\u010dan, 2009., Medven i sur., 2013.). U svih dostavljenih le\u0161ina nalaz zeleno-plavog sadr\u017eaja u probavnom sustavu ukazuje na trovanje metaldehidom i gotovo je patognomoni\u010dan (Puschner, 2006.).<\/p>\n

U forenzi\u010dkim slu\u010dajevima potrebno je dokazati metaldehid ili njegove metabolite u sadr\u017eaju \u017eeludca ili organima otrovane \u017eivotinje te procijeniti vrijeme uzimanja otrova (Saito i sur., 2008.). Trovanje limacidima potvr\u0111eno je toksikolo\u0161kom analizom u jedne \u017eivotinje. Brzina pra\u017enjenja \u017eeludca u \u017eivotinje je indikator vremenskog okvira otrovanja. Pra\u017enjenje \u017eeludca po\u010dinje ve\u0107 10 minuta nakon gutanja, ovisno o koli\u010dini masti i proteina. \u201eLagana\u201c hrana napu\u0161ta \u017eeludac nakon 2 sata, \u201emije\u0161ana\u201c nakon 3-4 sata, a \u201ete\u0161ka\u201c nakon 4-6 sati (Theodorakis, 1980., Camilleri i sur., 1989.). Kroz tanko crijevo sadr\u017eaj putuje pribli\u017eno 2-3 sata (Camilleri i sur., 1989., Iwanaga i sur., 1998.). Va\u017eno je naglasiti da je procjena vremena otrovanja samo orijentacijska, budu\u0107i da je transport sadr\u017eaja kroz \u017eeludac i crijeva vrlo varijabilan i podlo\u017ean utjecaju velikog niza \u010dimbenika, od kojih su najva\u017eniji sastav hrane i nadra\u017eenost \u017eiv\u010danog sustava (Brooks, 2016.).<\/p>\n

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Zaklju\u010dak<\/h2>\n
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U Republici Hrvatskoj ne postoji Centar za kontrolu otrovanja \u017eivotinja u kojem bi se pratila pojavnost otrovanja te mogla uo\u010diti mjesta visokog rizika i prepoznati naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e otrove, da bi pomogli policiji u brzoj identifikaciji kaznenog djela trovanja \u017eivotinja. Kod trovanja metaldehidom najva\u017eniju ulogu ima sprje\u010davanje ingestije od strane vlasnika te educiranost veterinara da brzo prepoznaju trovanje i na vrijeme po\u010dnu lije\u010diti otrovanu \u017eivotinju.<\/p>\n

<\/a>
\nLiteratura<\/strong> [… prika\u017ei]<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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1.\tAnon. (2014): Pu\u017eomor \u2013 Sigurnosno-Tehni\u010dki List, Chromos Agro d.d.
\n2.\tBATES, N. S., N. M. SUTTON and A. CAMPBELL (2012): Suspected metaldehyde slug bait poisoning in dogs: a retrospective analysis of cases reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service. Vet. Rec. 171, 324. 10.1136\/vr.100734
\n3.\tBLAKLEY, B. R. (2021): Metaldehyde Poisoning in Animals. In: Merck Veterinary Manual..https:\/\/www.msdvetmanual.com\/toxicology\/metaldehyde-poisoning\/metaldehyde-poisoning-in-animals
\n4.\tBROOKS, J. W. (2016): Postmortem Changes in Animal Carcasses and Estimation of the Postmortem Interval. Vet. Pathol. 53, 929-940. 10.1177\/0300985816629720
\n5.\tCAMILLERI, M., L. J. COLEMONT, S. F. PHILLIPS, M. L. BROWN, G. M. THOMFORDE, N. CHAPMAN and A. R. ZINSMEISTER (1989): Human gastric emptying and colonic filling of solids characterized by a new method. Am. J. Physiol. 257, G284-290. 10.1152\/ajpgi.1989.257.2.G284
\n6.\tCAMPBEL, A. and N. CHAPMAN (2000): Metaldehyde. In: Handbook of Poisoning in Dogs and Cats. Pp. 181-185. 10.1002\/9780470699010.ch46
\n7.\tDE ROMA, A., G. MILETTI, N. D\u2019ALESSIO, C. ROSSINI, L. VANGONE, G. GALIERO and M. ESPOSITO (2017): Metaldehyde Poisoning of Companion Animals: A Three-year Retrospective Study. J. Vet. Res 61, 307-311. 10.1515\/ jvetres-2017-0041
\n8.\tDOLDER, L. K. (2003): Metaldehyde toxicosis. Vet. Med. 98, 213-215.
\n9.\tFIRTH, A. (2007): Treatment of Snail Bait Toxicity in Dogs: retrospective Study of 56 Cases. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2, 31-36. 10.1111\/ j.1476-4431.1992. tb00021.x
\n10.\tHOMEIDA, A. M. and R. G. COOKE (1982): Pharmacological aspects of metaldehyde poisoning in mice. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 5, 77-81. 10.1111\/ j.1365-2885.1982.tb00500.x
\n11.\tIWANAGA, Y., J. WEN, M. S. THOLLANDER, L. J. KOST, G. M. THOMFORDE, R. G. ALLEN and S. F. PHILLIPS (1998): Scintigraphic measurement of regional gastrointestinal transit in the dog. Am. J. Physiol. 275, G904-G910. 10.1152\/ ajpgi.1998.275.5.G904
\n12.\tJANSSEN, L. A. (2007): The Legal System and the Veterinarian\u2019s Role. In: Merck, M. D. Vet. For. 3-17.
\n13.\tLEVITT, L., T. A. HOFFER and A. B. LOPER (2016): Criminal histories of a subsample of animal cruelty offenders. Aggress. Violent Behav. 30, 48-58. 10.1016\/j.avb.2016.05.002
\n14.\tMEDVEN, L., D. HUBER, M. HOH\u0160TETER, I. \u0160O\u0160TARI\u0106-ZUCKERMANN, B. ARTUKOVI\u0106, A. GUDAN KURILJ, A. BECK i \u017d. GRABAREVI\u0106 (2013): Prikaz slu\u010dajeva trovanja metaldehidom u ku\u0107nih ljubimaca. Hrv. Vet. Vjesnik 1-2, 31-36.
\n15.\tNOLTE, I. (2012): Toxicity of metaldehyde in the dog and cat. Der Praktische Tierarzt 93, 886-893.
\n16.\tPARRY, N. M. A. and A. STOLL (2020): The rise of veterinary forensics. For. Sci. Inter. 306, 110069. 10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.110069
\n17.\tPUSCHNER, B. (2006): Chapter 57 \u2013 Metaldehyde, In: Peterson, M. E., Talcott, P. A. Small Animal Toxicology (Second Edition). W. B. Saunders, Saint Louis, pp. 830-839. 10.1016\/B0-72-160639-3\/50060-5
\n18.\tSAITO, T., S. MORITA, M. MOTOJYUKU, K. AKIEDA, H. OTSUKA, I. YAMAMOTO and S. INOKUCHI (2008): Determination of metaldehyde in human serum by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 875, 573-576. 10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.10.002
\n19.\tSREBO\u010cAN, V. i E. SREBO\u010cAN (2009): Veterinarska toksikologija Medicinska naklada Zagreb. 2. izdanje, Zagreb, str. 146-151.
\n20.\tTALCOTT, P. A. (2003): Metaldehide. In: Plumlee, K. Clinical Veterinary Toxicology. Mosby, Missouri, USA, pp. 182-183.
\n21.\tTHEODORAKIS, M. C. (1980): External scintigraphy in measuring rate of gastric emptying in beagles. Am. J. Physiol. 239, G39-43. 10.1152\/ ajpgi.1980.239.1.G39
\n22.\tYAS-NATAN, E., G. SEGEV and I. AROCH (2007): Clinical, neurological and clinicopathological signs, treatment and outcome of metaldehyde intoxication in 18 dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract. 48, 438-443. 10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00360.x
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\n

Forensic pathology in judging animal abuse – animal poisoning with metaldehyde<\/h2>\n
\n
\u017deljko MIHALJEVI\u0106<\/strong>, DVM, PhD, Scientific Advisor, \u0160imun NALETILI\u0106<\/strong>, DVM, Expert Associate, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia; Stjepan BRZICA<\/strong>, BSc, Independent expert for toxicological expertise, Center for Forensic Research, Research and Expertise \u201cIvan Vu\u010deti\u0107\u201d, Zagreb, Croatia<\/div>\n
\n

Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. The final diagnosis is made by toxicological evidence of metaldehyde in liver, kidney and gastric content of the poisoned animal.<\/p>\n

Key words:<\/strong> metaldehyde; molluscicide; poisoning; dog; forensic pathology<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u017deljko Mihaljevi\u0107*, \u0160imun Naletili\u0107 i Stjepan Brzica Dr. sc. \u017deljko MIHALJEVI\u0106*, dr. med. vet., znanstveni savjetnik, (dopisni autor, e-mail miha@veinst.hr),<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":8,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[46,1391,1390,1389,317],"issuem_issue":[1344],"ppma_author":[676,677,1388],"class_list":["post-4829","article","type-article","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-review-articles","tag-dog","tag-forenzicka-patologija","tag-limacid","tag-metaldehid","tag-trovanje","issuem_issue-53-6"],"yoast_head":"\nForenzi\u010dka patologija u prosu\u0111ivanju zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja - trovanje \u017eivotinja metaldehidom - CROATIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. The final diagnosis is made by toxicological evidence of metaldehyde in liver, kidney and gastric content of the poisoned animal.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Forenzi\u010dka patologija u prosu\u0111ivanju zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja - trovanje \u017eivotinja metaldehidom - CROATIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. The final diagnosis is made by toxicological evidence of metaldehyde in liver, kidney and gastric content of the poisoned animal.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CROATIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/pages\/Hrvatski%20Veterinarski%20Institut\/291017291058567\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-06-24T10:25:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ZeljkoMIHALJEVIC.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"18 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom\",\"name\":\"Forenzi\u010dka patologija u prosu\u0111ivanju zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja - trovanje \u017eivotinja metaldehidom - CROATIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/veterinarska-stanica-journal.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/ZeljkoMIHALJEVIC.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-05-02T11:24:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-06-24T10:25:32+00:00\",\"description\":\"Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. 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Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. The final diagnosis is made by toxicological evidence of metaldehyde in liver, kidney and gastric content of the poisoned animal.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/journal.h3s.org\/?article=forenzicka-patologija-u-prosudivanju-zlostavljanja-zivotinja-trovanje-zivotinja-metaldehidom","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Forenzi\u010dka patologija u prosu\u0111ivanju zlostavljanja \u017eivotinja - trovanje \u017eivotinja metaldehidom - CROATIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL","og_description":"Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicide that is used against snails. Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. 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Poisoning of animals can be accidental or intentional. Metaldehyde poisoning is most often recorded in dogs. Clinical signs can develop within 10 minutes, mostly 1-3 hours after metaldehyde ingestion. There is no antidote for metaldehyde and therapy comes down to elimination of poison from organism and control of muscle tremor and convulsions. This paper presents our experiences in the forensic investigation of animal abuse by poisoning with metaldehyde (three dogs, one cat, and one hedgehog). Pathoanatomical and histopathological findings are shown. Reasonable suspicion of poisoning with metaldehyde is based on the finding of specific cyan-coloured gastrointestinal contents. 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